Comments

104 Responses to “The Kernel Boot Process”

FAb on June 23rd, 2008 8:40 am

Great article, I loved it. Thanks.

What tool do you use to generate these cute schema and illustrations ?
Frank Spychalski on June 23rd, 2008 8:44 am

Excellent article, thanks!
xxx on June 23rd, 2008 8:45 am

> Wow, that sounds very complicated. Is the process really that complicated?

No, he made it all up. What were you thinking?!
Maurice on June 23rd, 2008 8:45 am

Only for people that spam.
Gustavo Duarte on June 23rd, 2008 9:21 am

@FAb: cool, you’re welcome. The diagrams were all done in Visio 2007.

@Frank: thanks for reading.

@xxx: hahaha.

@Maurice: Yea, that comment cum URL is borderline. Sigh.
Traverse Davies on June 23rd, 2008 9:34 am

I have been seeing that ultimate anonymity crap come up in so many comment threads lately. Funny, always under different URL’s too. Other than that, great article (although I really could have used it about two weeks ago when trying to fix some weird boot errors, ah well, muddled through them in the end)
Gustavo Duarte on June 23rd, 2008 9:39 am

Alright, then I’m deleting it. Thanks for the heads up.
Dreamtorrent on June 23rd, 2008 11:26 am

Kick ass article, I enjoyed it!

It fills in a few blanks I got in my vague knowledge of this process, and being pretty humble in my knowledge, don’t think you under-complicated it at all – however I now am curious for more detail.

Oh, yeah. Did an upgrade which crashed and it deleted /sbin/init – at least now I know what step of the process that was … in hindsight. LOL

Keep it up!

H
meneame.net on June 23rd, 2008 11:36 am

La secuencia de inicio en el kernel Linux (ingles)…

Gran explicación de cómo se inicia el sistema operativo Linux. Quizá es un poco compleja para los no informático pero me ha parecido interesante….
kaizen on June 23rd, 2008 12:26 pm

what software do you use to create those nice diagrams?
[FAQ] How the Kernel Starts Up - Overclock.net - Overclocking.net on June 23rd, 2008 1:39 pm

[…] startup of a linux kernel primarily, but describes how the windows kernel is different in the end. Link __________________ BIG BROTHERWe apologize for the inconvenience IS […]
Marius Barbu on June 23rd, 2008 2:42 pm

Nice writeup, subscribed!

However, there’s a little error in the article:
“Protected mode requires a register called CR3 to be loaded with the address of a Global Descriptor Table for memory”.

CR3 is the PDBR (Page Directory Base Register, holds the physical address of the page directory) so is only needed when paging is enabled. The Global Descriptor Table is loaded into GDTR (special register just like IDTR) by the lgdt instruction.
Stop Being Carbon · Things I wanna read in the next few days on June 23rd, 2008 2:55 pm

[…] Kernel Boot Process Diary of a failed Startup Who needs a Computer Science Degree when there’s Wikipedia Programmer Insecurity Metaclass Programming in Python […]
Patrick Moroney on June 23rd, 2008 2:58 pm

I also highly recommend Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love
Much less dry then Understanding the Linux Kernel, and also more recent.

http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Kernel-Development-Novell-Press/dp/0672327201
Gustavo Duarte on June 24th, 2008 12:44 am

@Dreamtorrent: thanks

@kaizen: MS Visio 2007. I use ‘themes’, which make it easy to make decent-looking stuff.

@Marius: thanks for catching it. Fixed in the text.

@Patrick: thanks for the reference, I’ll add it to the text as well.
Jeff Moser on June 24th, 2008 9:07 pm

Thanks for the well researched post! I especially liked the links to the specific functions in the Linux kernel source.

I’ve subscribed to your feed and look forward to upcoming posts.

Keep up the great work!
pligg.com on June 25th, 2008 6:08 am

The Kernel Boot Process Explained: 2.6.25.6…

The kernel boot process for linux 2.6.25.6 explained…
Nikesh on June 25th, 2008 7:50 am

Can not have better then this, awesome !!!

Thanks.
The Burgeoning Openly Owned Web » links for 2008-06-28 on June 27th, 2008 7:09 pm

[…] The Kernel Boot Process : Gustavo Duarte the birth of “life” (tags: linux kernel boot bootloader) […]
Sara Eulodue on June 29th, 2008 6:07 pm

This would be infinitely more useful if you showed the Windows boot process first since that is what most computers actually use. And THEN at the end you can use the academic Linux boot process for completeness. Nope, sorry, this gets a thumbs down from me on SU. Next.
Kevin DuBois on June 29th, 2008 10:01 pm

Great trifecta of boot-up articles, thanks!
Naseer on July 1st, 2008 5:14 am

Awesome article, Thank you !
Gustavo Duarte on July 1st, 2008 10:18 am

Thank you all for reading and for the feedback.
Justin Blanton | The kernel boot process on July 2nd, 2008 1:16 am

[…] The kernel boot process. […]
Ben Petering on July 7th, 2008 12:40 am

Very good article. I love the ‘illustrated’ style you used.

Incidentally, I’ve just skimmed your entire blog, and I’m rather impressed. Not only is your English quite good (a concern you voiced in one post – IMO, reading TCP/IP Illustrated is a damn good start if you’re doing technical writing , but _every_ post you’ve written so far looks interesting and substantial.

Keep up the good work. I’ll be back.

-ben
Linkdump: Teorija kategorija, kako radi kernel… by Nikola Plejić on July 7th, 2008 4:14 am

[…] Chipsets and the Memory Map, How Computers Boot Up i The Kernel Boot Process Za one koje zanima kako računala rade iznutra, Gustavo Duarte je napisao seriju članaka čiji je […]
The Kernel Boot Process « Vietwow’s Weblog on July 8th, 2008 8:09 am

[…] Nguồn : http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process […]
Christian on July 8th, 2008 1:59 pm

Muito bom gustavo!
Posso traduzir e colocar no meu blog, e uma referência p/ cá?

[]´s
eto demerzel on July 8th, 2008 2:51 pm

It’s fake, photoshopped. Look, you can see the blurred pixel area

Great article, definitely the best explanation about boot up flow I’ve found the graphics are the top.

Good work.
Gustavo Duarte on July 9th, 2008 4:56 am

@Ben: thanks a ton I’m a huge fan of the W. Richard Stevens books as well, so I fully agree they’re a damn good start. What I meant by the English comment was that I sometimes feel a lack of non-tech reading has hampered my English. Say, when it’s time to come up with a metaphor or the ‘right word’, that kind of thing. But I’ve been here in the US for a few years now, so it’s less of a problem now.

@Christian: obrigado, e pode traduzir sem problemas, desde que tenha o link. Se vc quiser eu posse te mandar os arquivos Visio 2007 para as imagens ou traduzi-las pra voce.

@eto: hahaha, fake computer pr0n. Anyhow, thanks for the kind words
Regular (S)expressions :: Entries :: linkz on July 10th, 2008 7:18 am

[…] linux kernel boot process; http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process The previous post explained how computers boot up right up to the point where the boot loader, […]
Christian on July 15th, 2008 8:31 am

Olá Gustavo!

Pode deixar que eu vou colocar o link sim.
Por favor, me envie os arquivos para eu traduzir.

Quando eu terminar de traduzir tudo, eu mando para você dar uma revisada, vc quer?

Obrigado e forte abraço!

Christian
Idefix on July 16th, 2008 4:55 am

Excellent article, but I have one question:
If decompression happens in-place, how come the compressed parts don’t get overwritten by uncompressed data before those compressed part are read?
Alfredo Reino » Archivo del Blog » Cómo arrancan los ordenadores on July 16th, 2008 8:07 am

[…] The kernel boot process […]
Gustavo Duarte on July 16th, 2008 10:43 am

@Idefix: the compressed image is temporarily moved up in memory a notch, creating a ‘buffer zone’ between the place in memory where uncompressed contents are being written to and the place where compressed contents are read from.

The code is here.

cheers
Amjith on July 16th, 2008 11:05 am

Hi Gustavo,
The whole process of computer boot up from memory map to kernel loading was amazing. I linked your articles to http://www.osnews.com/story/20064/Computer_Boot_Up_Process. It is refreshing to see articles that are succinct and resourceful.
Mojes on July 16th, 2008 3:24 pm

Thank You!

This three articles show something very complicated in easy way. Good job!
I was looking for such text for a long time.

-mojes
Kilian Hekhuis on July 17th, 2008 1:45 am

“In real-mode the interrupt vector table for the processor is always at memory address 0, whereas in protected mode the location of the interrupt vector table is stored in a CPU register called IDTR” – This is not true. Also in real mode, the CPU uses the IDTR to locate the (real mode) IVT. In practice, the IDTR is always set to 0, but it could be changed.
Gustavo Duarte on July 17th, 2008 2:01 am

@Amjith: thank you for the kind words and also for the link. I got a ton of traffic from you.

@Mojes: you’re very welcome!

@Kilian: Thanks for noting this. I’ll change the language to be more accurate.
nakisa on August 8th, 2008 12:46 am

thanks alot , that was great

i will be so much glad ))))) if you post more and more such sweets.
Frederik Braun on August 11th, 2008 8:00 am

Well explained. I think I got it, despite the fact that I didn’t know much about this topic.
So, thank you

Frederik

P.S.: More posts on this topic will be appreciated
Memory Translation and Segmentation : Gustavo Duarte on August 12th, 2008 2:33 am

[…] segmentation, protection, and paging in Intel-compatible (x86) computers, in the spirit of the boot series, as the next step down the path of how kernels work. As usual, I’ll link to Linux kernel […]
Kimia on August 26th, 2008 11:20 am

Hi Gustavo,

that was great article, i had a question , is it possible to monitor the boot parameters beacause of finding out if everything is ok or not , such as :\
- MBR parameters(of its code and partition table) and their place in memory , and which of them are still in RAM or removed.
actually , I would like to program it under a program to use it as a utility in shell environment , and honestly i don’t khow what must i do , and even i don’t khow that it must be a assembly program or it can be C one,

I really will be so much thankful if you lead me in this way,
thanks a lot,

-Kimia
kavitha on August 27th, 2008 11:10 pm

hi duartes
you have done a very good job…

I have few queries : Is there any fixed size in memory reserved for user and kernel space? otherwise how can we know the size of memory used by kernel and user application?
Gustavo Duarte on August 28th, 2008 1:05 am

@Kimia: Nearly all of the real-mode data from the kernel is wiped out once the protected mode part starts running, so some of these early parameters are lost.

You can however read the MBR and partition table right off of the disk, by reading for example a device like /dev/hdxx or /dev/sbxx corresponding to your hard disk. It would not be too hard to read the partition table and MBR doing that. You might want to read the source code for fdisk() and other Linux disk utilities.

Does this help?

@kavitha: There is memory that the kernel reserves for itself, yes. But there’s also dynamic memory that the kernel allocates and frees as it runs. The kernel keeps a database of all of the memory and how it has been distributed (which process owns it, etc).

I’ll write a post on memory this weekend that will cover some of this.
Kimia on August 28th, 2008 1:48 pm

Hi Gustavo,

first of all , thanks alot of your attention and help.
I see, so as you said i can read from disk , but unfortunetly i don’t know exactly what cammand must be using to read first sector from disk in linux, i’m new to linux system programming and so i need so much help in this field ,

would you please guide me to a good way and reference to know more about this, i just know rare and not implemented khowledge in real systems and i’m new to this world with hungry mind,

best regards,
Kimia
Gustavo Duarte on August 28th, 2008 9:01 pm

@Kimia: no problem at all. Regarding reading from the disk, it’s Unix tradition to expose hardware devices as magic files in the filesystem, usually under directory /dev

Many devices are exposed there as files, including disks. The exact name of the file depends on the nature of the device (hard disk, USB disk, scanner, sound card, etc), the bus (ide, scsi, sata, usb, etc), the order of the device (1st hard drive on bus, 2nd, etc).

So to read the hard drive, you’d need to find the right device, and then you can use regular C functions like open(), read() to read raw bytes out of disk.

However, what I _really_ suggest you do is _read source code_. It’s one of the _best_ ways to learn, and in this case there are tools that do exactly what you want (MBR and partition table manipulation) and whose code is open source. So get yourself the code for Linux fdisk, maybe the GRUB configuration installer, and read the code. It can teach you a lot.

Of course, you need some books too. My favorite Unix author was W. Richard Stevens, he’s got some great books, but sadly he died and the books haven’t been updated. Look in Amazon for his books, maybe see what the commenters are saying, and find some 5-star books on Unix programming.

hope this helps,
gustavo
Sahaya Darcius on September 10th, 2008 12:00 am

I really enjoyed this article and it is a very good one to understand the kernel boot process. Thank you very much for this wonderful article that too in simplified form.
sergio on September 16th, 2008 5:09 am

Hola Gustavo, estaba leyendo tu articulo a ver si me aclaraba algunas cosas sobre el proceso de arranque del kernel, ya que soy un poco nuevo en estos menesteres.
Estoy trabajando con un sistema empotrado y quiero actualizar el kernel. Lo he compilado y se me ha generado una imagen del kernel y otro archivo con el sistema de ficheros rootfs.ext2. Mi pregunta es, ¿es necesario que almacene los dos en la flash de mi sistema empotrado? o basta con la imagen del kernel solo?
He tratado de arrancar mi nuevo kernel y empieza a descomprimir pero de da un panic
Kernel panic – not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0)
A lo mejor me puedes aclarar un poco como funciona esto. Estoy un poco perdido…
Gracias por adelantado
Peter Teoh on September 19th, 2008 3:19 am

Fantastic article!!! I love it!!!
ashoka1 on September 23rd, 2008 5:23 am

nice details about kernel boot-up process. Never found better then this. Thank you.
dholm.com » Blog Archive » Tumblelog: 080929 on September 29th, 2008 1:06 am

[…] The Kernel Boot Process by Gustavo Duarte explains the Linux kernel boot process on an x86 platform. Very well written with descriptive and good looking diagrams. […]
kimia on November 30th, 2008 1:15 am

Hi Gustavo again,
thanks again and again, this time because of your helpful advices and guideline that helped me alot.
Tim on December 9th, 2008 12:57 am

thank you very much !
Gautam on December 12th, 2008 6:52 am

Hi, thanks for this great work.
I am trying to read MBR using linux 2.6 kernel.
I need a source code for fdisk utility for intel x86 architecture.
Could you please guide me to the correct link to follow ?
Gustavo Duarte on December 12th, 2008 10:28 am

@Gautam:

The easiest way to do it is to just install source packages for the package that contains fdisk. Not sure which distro you have, but you would need to:

1. Find which package fdisk came from (rpm or yum or apt should be able to tell you)

2. Install the source package that corresponds to that package. There’s a 1-to-1 correspondence between binary packages and source packages.

I think in Debian-based distros the package is util-linux, see here:

http://packages.qa.debian.org/u/util-linux.html

The FSF has an fdisk project too, but I’m not sure if it’s the same thing because they say they provide an alternative to util-linux fdisk. The FSF page for their fdisk is here:

http://www.gnu.org/software/fdisk/

But go with the distro’s source.
Frank on December 30th, 2008 12:23 pm

Gustavo,

Great article. Any idea where the source code for /sbin/init itself is? I’m also interested in the “events” process that is spawned by the “init” process, and would like to know where the source code for that is as well, if you know.

-thanks
Frank
ajit mote on January 19th, 2009 11:40 pm

Thanks Man !!!
Awesome article on boot process !!!
Nix on February 5th, 2009 6:14 am

One minor additional complexity. The initial root filesystem is, by default, assembled from the contents of the usr/ subdirectory in the kernel source tree (it’s a compressed cpio archive) and linked into the kernel image; alternatively, a compressed filesystem image can be linked into the kernel image or provided in a separate file. Part of the boot process (in init/main.c:do_basic_setup()) involves executing ‘initcalls’, which are stored in an array of pointers to functions to be called at boot time, constructed by the linker. One of these initcalls is init/initramfs.c:populate_rootfs(), which initializes the nonswappable memory-backed filesystem which is always mounted at / (the *real* root filesystem is mounted over the top of it, later on). The rootfs is never unmounted: you can see it as the first entry in /proc/mounts. Then it uncompresses the cpio archive or arranges for the filesystem to be backed by that compressed filesystem image, if either are present, and executes /init on that filesystem, if present, to complete the boot via an ‘early userspace’, chroot to the real root filesystem once it’s found it, and exec the real init. So the job of finding root filesystems is *completely* customizable. You can assemble it from a RAID array with some components pulled over the network if you like (I’ve done this in extremis as part of disaster recovery).

Finally, if that didn’t work and we still don’t have a useful root filesystem with an /sbin/init on it, just before calling init_post(), the system may call prepare_namespace() in init/do_mounts.c. This can try to dig up a root filesystem in a variety of ways: pausing for a configurable amount of time so the user can do something to provide a filesystem, waiting for delayed device probes in case the root filesystem is on some slow-to-start thing like a SCSI disk or a USB key, doing automated RAID probing (somewhat dangerous because it can’t tell if the array it’s assembling is actually made of pieces that are meant to go together: the recommended way to boot off RAID is to use one of the earlier customizable boot processes and run the mdadm tool in there to do the assembly), mounting a block device specified via root= on the kernel command line, or even asking the user to insert a separate floppy containing the root filesystem (I’m not sure *anyone* does this anymore, even in emergencies).

I haven’t got into the half a dozen horrible ways the various early userspaces can signal their completion (echoing the real device numbers into a file in /proc, executing the horrible ‘pivot_root()’ syscall, or just deleting everything on the rootfs and doing a ‘chroot exec /sbin/init’ into the real root filesystem, which is the modern way to boot up because it doesn’t rely on any horrible early-userspace-specific hacks). For more, see Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt and Documentation/initrd.txt in your favourite Linux kernel tree.
Raj on February 13th, 2009 10:46 pm

Gustavo, thanks a ton for this article. Excellent explanation of a really complex process, even a newbie like me have no problems following.

Big thumbs up!!!
Ya-tou & me » Blog Archive » Memory Translation and Segmentation on February 19th, 2009 1:47 am

[…] in Intel-compatible (x86) computers, going further down the path of how kernels work. As in the boot series, I’ll link to Linux kernel sources but give Windows examples as well (sorry, I’m ignorant about […]
Ya-tou & me » Blog Archive » The Kernel Boot Process on February 19th, 2009 1:49 am

[…] In a comment below, Nix covered a lot of ground on the initial root file system that I glossed over. Thanks to Marius […]
steampunk.dk » Blog Archive » Nå sådan! on April 22nd, 2009 8:33 pm

[…] The kernel boot process Posted in IT Teknologi | Leave a Comment […]
Andreea Lucau on May 25th, 2009 4:13 pm

I really liked you article. You have a nice Linux-like sense of humor:)
Bob Forder on June 5th, 2009 11:53 am

[quote]This would be infinitely more useful if you showed the Windows boot process first since that is what most computers actually use. And THEN at the end you can use the academic Linux boot process for completeness. Nope, sorry, this gets a thumbs down from me on SU. Next.[/quote]

Yeah, all those Windows kernel hackers out there must be disappointed…
dp on July 11th, 2009 6:22 pm

This is *easily* the best article on this subject I’ve been able to find on the web. Very clear, right level of detail (for me, at least), and good references. Thanks very much for writing it.

I infer from some prior comments that you aren’t a native English speaker. Fear not — your English is better than most natives’.

Any chance you’ll write something comparable, describing EFI? (For that matter, I’d like coverage of OSX as well, but suppose that’s asking too much.)

I’ve bookmarked your homepage.
rajakama on July 28th, 2009 6:49 pm

Nice Article. Thank you
Ashoka on August 19th, 2009 10:20 pm

Very good article.
Thanks a lot
Naveen on August 20th, 2009 6:41 am

hi Gustavo,
Thanks for the wonderful article but i have question

what is that “0x3aeb”? i found only “0xeb” (unconditional jump) in header.S. what does that “3a” represent? And why do we need this unconditional jump here? why can’t we put the start_of_setup code directly there?
The Boot Process of a Computer | From thoughts to text on October 16th, 2009 11:07 am

[…] The Kernel Boot Process […]
dubhe on November 11th, 2009 11:22 am

Great explanation of a difficult process that if not easy to understand, I like to give thanks for this good article
Interesting Reading… – The Blogs at HowStuffWorks on January 11th, 2010 11:44 am

[…] The Kernel Boot Process – “The previous post explained how computers boot up right up to the point where the boot loader, after stuffing the kernel image into memory, is about to jump into the kernel entry point. This last post about booting takes a look at the guts of the kernel to see how an operating system starts life…” […]
raj on January 29th, 2010 1:36 am

Thanks for such a wonderful article.Need more of this article in future.
I’ve bookmarked your homepage.
pravar on March 23rd, 2010 12:33 am

good job ………
mahayodha on November 9th, 2010 6:52 am

Thanks a ton for not only this but other great articles too.
Kaiwan on November 18th, 2010 6:41 am

Hi,

Awesome article Gustav, as usual!

On the ref books topic, I highly recommend this book on drivers: “Essential Linux Device Drivers” by S Venkateswaran.

http://www.amazon.com/Essential-Device-Drivers-Sreekrishnan-Venkateswaran/dp/0132396556/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1290086793&sr=8-2

It not only covers the “usual” driver-related topics (and plenty of ‘em) but also gives a fantastic quick look at kernel internals topics most relevant to driver authors.
pravink.22 on November 28th, 2010 3:23 am

thxs buddy…!!!
Try this, very easy to understand\

http://www.redhatlinux.info/2010/11/steps-of-boot-process.html
figaro on February 10th, 2011 6:32 pm

Great article, I loved it. Thanks.
Jakub Jankiewicz on February 14th, 2011 8:43 am

Thank a lot for this article.
jonny rocket on February 14th, 2011 9:39 am

nice article. thanks.
Confluence: Next Generation Home Semiconductor Development on March 29th, 2011 2:31 am

DiagOS???..

DiagOS??? DiagOS??? DiagOS ? AMD ???OS??? ??? SuSE Linux 9…….
Prabagaran on May 27th, 2011 6:24 am

Really Nice Article.

I have a doubt.

The decompression routines will also be a part of the Compressed kernel Image. These routines itself need to be decompressed.

How does this happen?
Thanks in advance.
Randy on July 14th, 2011 8:09 am

Hi,
which tool you used for drawing the image of your blog’s article?
You know, all these are so beautiful!
Thanks for your sharing Linux knowledge…
Daniel Ng on August 17th, 2011 5:43 pm

Nice job, Gustavo.

I discovered your blog after doing my own trace through the kernel (using a JTAG on my PowerPC-based platform).

What I couldn’t find was which thread (if any) does the scheduler actually run in? It must be able to pre-empt other threads so I assume it is run in some sort of high-priority parent thread?

Let me know if you find the answer…

Cheers,
Daniel
bonny on August 20th, 2011 7:34 am

Thank u for this article…it helped me a lot……
Entendendo o processo de boot do Android on August 30th, 2011 8:04 am

[…] descrição do que acontece “under the hood” no kernel, pode dar uma lida no artigo do Gustavo Duarte, da IBM DeveloperWorks e do […]
Pranjal Verma on October 13th, 2011 9:16 pm

Can you explain a bit about booting Linux in VirtualBox.
micheal on November 19th, 2011 2:41 am

could you explain how C language program can operate during booting. whether we have a compiler here! ( i bet it e xist) . So what going on. thanks for your help!
micheal on November 19th, 2011 2:43 am

and i have a question whether i can know about meaning of linux kernel file. what should I do to become a Linux developer
How start_kernel get start? » Compiler Notes(编译点滴) on November 26th, 2011 12:21 am

[…] http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process […]
Manish on December 20th, 2011 2:56 am

Really great document … i am fortunate that i have gone through this …
Thank you very much
Jay on January 29th, 2012 1:31 pm

Awesome article for a struggling “Operating Systems Concepts” student like myself to read!!!
jawad khan on April 4th, 2012 11:01 am

excellent article.thanks
Avijit Das on June 13th, 2012 1:43 am

Please keep on writing this type of documents. It is really helpful.
[fwd]The Kernel Boot Process « gooning on June 26th, 2012 8:45 am

[…] In a comment below, Nix covered a lot of ground on the initial root file system that I glossed over. Thanks to Marius […]
Salvatore on October 16th, 2012 12:41 am

Excellent summary!
justin bieber shoes on April 9th, 2013 8:46 pm

Wow, that’s what I was exploring for, what a information! existing here at this website, thanks admin of this web site.
Linux Kernel Online and Book Resources collection | Kaiwan’s Tech Blog on July 18th, 2013 5:58 am

[…] The Kernel Boot Process by Gustavo DuarteExcellent; the arch-specific part of the discussion is with relation to Intel x86. […]
linux kernel boot on x86 | gooning on August 7th, 2013 12:22 am

[…] 2. http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process […]
Jayant on September 26th, 2013 2:03 am

Hello\
 I love the way you teach. Would have been real fun to learn from
you if I had that opportunity.

Thanks for sharing this immensely valuable resource. I am an instant
fan of your works.

Again, great job
![:)](http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif)

aprogrammer on January 28th, 2014 12:32 am

Thanks for article. Here is deep runlevel testing if anybody need if
–
[http://sysadmin.te.ua/linux/linux-boot.html](http://sysadmin.te.ua/linux/linux-boot.html)

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